Content
SUMMARIES
SPRACHE DER „REINEN RECHTSLEHRE“ VON HANS KELSEN (1881-1973)
Prof. Dr. Volodymyr Abashnik (Kharkov, Ukraine)
Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrags stehen die Grundfragen der Rechtslinguistik, die am Beispiel der Beziehung zweier Kulturelemente, nämlich der Sprache und des Rechts in der „Reinen Rechtslehre“, dem Hauptwerk des bedeutenden österreichisch-amerikanischen Juristen und Rechtsphilosophen Hans Kelsen vorgestellt werden. Dabei wird die Hauptthese vertreten, dass das Recht nur mit der Sprache existiert, mittels Sprache reguliert sowie durch die Sprache wirkt.
Zuerst werden die Grundzüge von Kelsens Rechtstheorie in den beiden Auflagen der Arbeit „Reine Rechtslehre“ (1934 und 1960) skizziert, wo die Unterscheidung zwischen den Termini „Sollen“ und „Sein“ eine fundamentale Rolle spielt. Weiter werden die Besonderheiten von Kelsens Rechtsterminologie im allgemeinen berücksichtigt, vor allem aber solcher Begriffe, wie „die reine Rechtslehre“, „die Geltung“, „die Grundnorm“, „die Hypothese“, „die Stufenbau“. Abschliessend wird noch darauf hingewiesen, wie Kelsens Rechtsterminologie die „Verständlichkeit“ des Rechts sowie die gegenwärtige juristische Fachsprache insgesamt beeinflusst hat.
РEDAGOGICAL IDEAS AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE CRIMEAN TATAR INTELLECTUALS IN 20-30-s OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Zeinep Ablyakimova (Yalta, Ukraine)
In the given research the author used the historic-pedagogical analysis of the pedagogical idea and educational work of the formation of the Crimean Tatar intelligentsia in the 20-30s of the 20th century.
The author defined the background of the formation and development of the Crimean and Tatar intelligentsia pedagogical idea. There was revealed and analyzed the pedagogical heritage of the remarkable spokesmen of the Crimean and Tatar intelligentsia such as A. Giraibaya, A-S. Aivazova, A. Iljmij, A. Odabasha, O. Akchokrakly, J.Kermenchikli, and others. Also their main ideas, schools and forms of educational work were highlighted. It was grounded the contribution of the Crimean and Tatar intelligentsia in the 20-30s of the 20th century into the development of the present educational system of Ukraine.
It was brought up to date the opportunities of the experience use of the Crimean and Tatar intelligentsia in the 20-30s of the 20th century in reformation of the national school.
TURKISH-CRIMEAN CULTURAL RELATIONS AT THE LATE XV – EARLY XVI C.
Dilyara Alyadinova (Simferopol, Ukraine)
Since the Turks seized the major part of the Crimean peninsula, the whole political and economic activity in the region was supposed to serve Porta’s purposes. The new status of the Crimean territories has left its imprint on the material culture, and the ceramic complex foremost.
The pottery of this new period has significant typological and stylistic differences from the previous material. These differences can be distinctly traced back in the archaeological complexes of the late XV – early XVI centuries, when popular XV century ware was ejected by new groups, kinds and types of vessels that were marked with new cultural traditions and aesthetic priorities. The “Turkish” style influence is particularly revealed in the ornamentation of glazed cups and plates in which various floral motifs are generally used.
The analysis of ceramic of this chronological period allows the scholar to trace those distinctive features of the Ottoman Empire’s cultural influence on the Crimea and also to define the intensity and nature of commercial and non-commercial relationships between inhabitants of different regions of the Black Sea coast territory.
ARTEFACTS IN MUSEUMS VS. ARTEFACTS IN TEXTS: THE CASE OF ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN JEWELLERY
Ilya Arkhipov (Moscow, Russia)
Excavations in Iraq and Syria have produced masterpieces of jewellery that are glory of the world’s best museums. The most important findings originate from the Royal Cemetery of Ur, as well as from burial places of Ebla, Mari, Assur, Qatna, and Kalah. Yet these artefacts pale in comparison to those we find described in cuneiform accounting texts and inventories from the royal palace of Ebla (23th c. BC), the “Schatzarchiv” of Puzrish-Dagan (20th c. BC), the palace of Mari (17th c.BC), the temple of the Lady of Qatna (13th c.), the Eanna temple of Uruk (6th c.), and in some other cuneiform archives. These documents often contain meticulous descriptions of jewellery items such as diadems, medallions, necklaces, rings, breastpins, etc., with precise indication of their respective weights, shapes, components, and raw materials. With the progress of philological research, we understand part of the textual evidence well enough to reconstruct the described artefacts, to the degree of producing 3D images. The present paper reports some attempts at reconciling archaeological and philological evidence in the domain of material culture.
DIE PROSODISCHE ORGANISATION DES DEUTSCHEN POLITISCHEN KUNDGEBUNGSDISKURSES: AM BEISPIEL DER KUNDGEBUNGSAUFTRITTE WÄHREND DES MAUERFALLS
Dr. Anna Artiukhova (Odessa, Ukraine)
Das vorliegende Projekt ist der Untersuchung von den prosodischen Besonderheiten des deutschen Kundgebungsdiskurses gewidmet. Unter dem Kundgebungsdiskurs wird die Art von dem politischen Diskurs verstanden, deren Inhalt und Gestaltung von der politischen kommunikativen Situation „Kundgebung“ beeinflusst wird. Die Kundgebungsbedingungen – offener Raum, historischer Locus, unbeschränkte Zahl der Teilnehmer, spontaner Charakter der Auftritte – beeinflussen die spezifische Darstellungsform der Auftritte und ihre prosodische Gestaltung.
Die durchgeführte instrumental-phonetische Forschung, die aus der perzeptiven, instrumentalen und statistischen Analyse der Redeabschnitte besteht, zeigt, dass der Kundgebungsdiskurs durch die gesteigerte prosodische Intensität (prosodic prominence) gekennzeichnet wird, die unter Einsatz aller akustischen Parameter geschaffen wird und sich in der Lautstärke-,Tonhöhe- und Sprechtempoveränderungen zeigt.
Die erworbenen Resultate tragen zur Entwicklung der Politolinguistik, der Rhetorik, der Phonostilistik und der PR-Studien bei.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EMPIRES AND IMPERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY:
KHOREZM EXPEDITION OF THE USSR
Dr. Irina Arzhantseva (Moscow, Russia)
The Khorezm Archaeological-Ethnographical Expedition (under direction of S.P. Tolstov) was the major archaeological expedition of the USSR. It still has no analogies either in our country or abroad in the scale of woks, financial government support and equipment, the speed and number of publications.
Starting in 1937, with an interruption from 1941 to 1945, the Khorezm Expedition functioned until the end of 80-s. The works of the Expedition covered a vast territory including not only of the Khorezm oasis in the Lower Amu-Darya (Southern Aral), but also those of the Lower Syr-Darya, between the Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya, and the desert regions of Kyzyl-Kum and Kara-Kum adjacent to the oases. Up to ten teams of this expedition worked simultaneously in different regions of Central Asia. At their disposal there were airplanes, portable power stations, caravans of special vehicles. First time in the world the air photography was used in such a large scale.
Following the Russian Empire, the Soviet government regarded Central Asia as matter of a great importance, as in the ideological as in the economic sense. The unprecedented material and technical, scientific and human resources made a real breakthrough in the complex study of this vast region possible. The Khorezm Expedition virtually ceased to exist simultaneously with the collapse of the USSR having left a huge archive, which among others consists of a great collection of air photos showing nature and historical landscapes, which have either disappeared or irreversibly changed.
ARCHÄOLOGIE UND LINGUISTIK IM WIDERSTREIT. KONTROVERSEN UM DIE ENTSTEHUNG DES RUMÄNISCHEN VOLKES UND SEINER SPRACHE
Prof. Dr. Klaus Bochmann (Leipzig, Deutschland)
Wo hat die rumänische Ethnogenese stattgefunden – im Innern der Balkanhalbinsel, also südlich der Donau, oder nördlich davon, im Gebiet zwischen Donau, Dnjestr und Karpatenbogen? Beide Optionen spalten die damit befassten Wissenschaftsdisziplinen in eine Gruppe der Anhänger der Kontinuität der Dakoromanen im Gebiet des heutigen Rumänien und ihre Kritiker, die eine Zuwanderung dorthin aus den Räumen südlich der Donau postulieren. Mangels expliziter schriftlicher Zeugnisse sind die Archäologie und die Linguistik gefordert, diese Fragen zu beantworten. Fern davon, in einer der beiden Disziplinen befriedigende, geschweige denn endgültige Antworten darauf zu finden, entdeckt man schwer lösbare Widersprüche zwischen manchen archäologischen und linguistischen Aussagen. Es hat den Anschein, dass die Linguistik gewisse Chancen bietet, bei Abwägung aller Fakten – insbesondere in Bezug auf (angebliche oder wahrscheinliche) Substratwörter, Kulturwortschatz und grammatische Besonderheiten des Rumänischen gegenüber der Gesamtheit der anderen romanischen Sprachen - einige Korrekturen an gängigen Vorstellungen über die umstrittenen Zeiträume zwischen dem 4. und 12. Jahrhundert anzubringen.
ELITE KURGANS AS MARKERS OF THE TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF SCYTHIA
Dr. Yuriy Boltryk, Dr. Elena Fialko (Kyev, Ukraine)
The rulers of Scythia left kurgans instead of palaces. We know 17 Scythian kings and 14 of them are associated with the steppes of the Northern Pontic area. The period of active kurgans’ building in the steppe began by the time of the Ariapith dynasty. About 6 or 7 kings can be related with it. At the same time the number of kurgans, that could be looked at as “candidates” for the Scythian ruler’s tombs, reaches six dozens.
We can identify centers of regional structures using these kurgans as bearing points of the spatial structure of Scythia. The political centre of Scythia (5-3 c. BC) was located near the rifts of the lower Dnieper. The importance of this area is emphasized by 4 most famous kurgans, probably tombs of the supreme kings. There are also 3 barrows of the second level, two or three times smaller than the royal ones and 10 graves of the third level, which are dozen times smaller than the giant tombs of the kings.
The remaining 40-45 barrows could be divided in 11 or 12 local groups apparently marking regional centers of the Herodotus`s and Post-Herodotus`s Scythia.
GREEK COLONIZATION OF THE NORTH-WESTERN BLACK SEA LITTORAL: NEW EVIDENCES
Dr. Alla Bujskikh (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Actual problems that are connected with the Greek exploration of the North-Western part of the Black Sea in the second half of 7th – the beginning of 6th c. BC can be regarded now on the base of three necessary items. They include the results of recent archeological investigations in correlation with the analysis of written sources, and the previous achievements of historical studies. The first position reflects the modern knowledge of material culture and spatial development of early urban structures in the region. Numerous artifacts bring new information about the organization of the every-day life, cultural and religious tradition, cooperation with non-Greek surroundings, building activity – in cities, and burial tradition – in necropolises. This information accumulates year by year and now permits to reexamine a lot of ideas about the purposes of Greek penetration to the North-Western Black Sea inner territory, the role of Greek poleis in the later cultural development of the entire region.
WORKS OF ART FROM THE BOSPORAN BARROWS OF THE 5-4 C. BC
AS A SIGN OF THE GREEK-BARBARIAN CULTURAL EXCHANGE
Dr. Alexander Butyagin (S.-Petersburg, Russia)
Much jewellery and other works of art were found in the aristocratic barrows of the Bosporan region. In the 2nd half of the 5th c. BC we can see only mixed Greek or local barbarian stile objects. In the first half of next century the situation has changed. Many vessels and decorated arms in a new style (barbarian form, Greek ornament and local subject) appeared in the barrows. Probably they were made in Bosporan reign workshops. That objects served as a kind of cultural exchange between the aristocracy of Greek colonies and barbarian tribal chiefs. As a result the new community appeared – Greek-Barbarian aristocracy of the Bosporus. Rich works of art were used both to serve this ruling stratum and to be gifts for the Scythian chiefs. Much of them were found in the “royal” barrows of the Great Scythia. Using these objects the new ideas went to the Scythian chiefs and formed a new kind of the Scythian culture.
GEOMETRIC ORNAMENTATION OF ZHABOTIN
(FIRST HALF OF THE 8TH – MID-7TH C. BC)
Dr. Marina Daragan (Kyiv, Ukraine)
The peculiar feature of the Zhabotin horizon (1 half of the 8th – mid-7th c. BC) is a large quantity of (cult) ornamented crockery, which definitely outnumbers the ordinary kitchenware. Rich and diverse ornamentation of these ceramics may be connected with the symbolism of the decorations. The ornamentation and the general appearance of these ceramics differ from the pottery of the Chernolesskaya Culture. Considering the fact that the decoration was extremely important for ancient societies, this period should be characterized by the creation of a new system of geometric ornamentation. By the 8th century BC this new style and all connected traditions became dominant both in the Ukrainian forest-steppe area and in the Northern Black Sea region. At that time Chernolesskaya decorative traditions disappeared. Instead, new categories and new types of ceramics together with new elements of ornamentation and altars appeared, having counterparts in the Middle Hallstatt Cultures of the Carpathian-Danube area. They corroborate the fact that the inhabitants of Zhabotin were culturally and politically oriented towards the west. Moreover, all this may substantiate the hypothesis of immigration of a certain group of newcommers, who represented a new ideology and a new ritual practice to the territory of the middle Dnieper region.
TERRA SIGILLATA AS A PHENOMENON OF THE LATE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN CULTURE:
THE CASE OF LATE ANTIQUITY
Dr. Krzysztof Domżalski (Warsaw, Poland)
The mass scale of production and supra-regional distribution of table pottery characterized by a red gloss, called terra sigillata or red slip ware, reflected the political, economic and social processes in the Roman world from the conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms to the ultimate formation of the Mediaeval character of the Byzantine Empire in the 7th c. AD. The initial enthusiasm of creating the supra-regional state and an integrated economy in the Augustan period fostered the rapid development of the leading tableware manufacturing centres in Italy, producing vessels of the highest technical quality and some artistic values. These products were distributed over large distances owing to the state-controlled security of the maritime and land transport, and inspired potters in various parts of the Empire to follow the main trends in the shape and décor of vessels. The same patterns can be observed in the Late Antiquity when the recovery of the Empire’s economy after decades of the political instability in the 3rd c. allowed building an even more integrated market with almost monopolistic position of the North African potters. A partial disintegration of this market caused by the Vandal’s occupation of Northern Africa triggered anew the formation of self-sufficiency of regional producers. The last, unsuccessful attempt at rebuilding the Roman Empire’s power undertaken by Justinian the Great could not stop that process. As a result of external threats, the instability of transportation, and the shrinking market, the success of red slip pottery ended together with the decline of the world which had contributed to its creation.
DIE „GRENZE“: VERSUCH EINER REKONSTRUKTION DES BEGRIFFS
Prof. Dr. Pavel Donec (Charkow, Ukraine)
Dies mag auf den ersten Blick verwunderlich wirken, aber die auf den ersten Blick weit voneinander entfernten Archäologie und die Linguistik haben doch bestimmte Berührungspunkte und Überschneidungszonen. Dieses Gemeinsame besteht vor allem darin, dass die beiden Disziplinen oft vor der Aufgabe stehen, an Hand von bestimmten fragmentarischen Fakten ganze kulturell-historische Zusammenhänge zu rekonstruieren. In der Archäologie sind es in der Regel die bei den Ausgrabungen entdeckten Artefakte früherer Epochen, in der Linguistik – die diachron weit zurückliegende Entstehung neuer Wörter sowie deren Bedeutungswandel im Laufe der Jahrhunderte.
Früher befasste sich mit dem letzteren die Etymologie, jetzt – zunehmend – die sich in der letzten Zeit aktiv formierende rekonstruierende Konzeptologie als Richtung der kognitiven Linguistik.
Der Gegenstand und die Potenzen dieses Herangehens werden in dem Beitrag am Beispiel des deutschen Wortes „Grenze“ und des entsprechenden Konzeptes illustriert.
NARRATIVE AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES ABOUT THE AMAZONS
Dr. Olena Fialko (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Despite the fact that the literary history of the legends about the Amazons counts about 25 centuries, the question of their real existence is still open.
Two sources of information concerning the Scythian Amazons are available: written and archaeological. Written sources mainly address to the early period of the Scythian history; archaeological ones give an accurate account of its “golden age”. Still they complement one another perfectly well.
Narrative sources. A great number of ancient authors described Amazons; among them are Herodotus, Hippocrates, Lysius, Palaephat, Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Pompeius Trogus, Plutarch etc. The narrative sources explain, who were Amazons; report about their origin and arrival to Scythia; describe their lifestyle and traditions, appearance and clothing, marriage.
Archaeological sources. These are burial complexes and works of ancient art. Recent archaeological discoveries show that in the Scythian times female graves with weapons were wide-spread throughout the southern part of Eastern Europe.
AN INTRODUCTION TO NATIONAL VISUAL MATRIX
Prof. Dr. Jelena Grigorjeva (Tartu, Estonia)
My project aims at reconstructing the most complex matrix of national identity. By mental matrix I understand a very general mental contour by which one recognizes a German as a German or a Russian as a Russian. This matrix can be also conceptualized as a national idea or a spirit of nation. My method is underlain by exposing and accumulating some stable cultural motifs (=emblems) that are circulating in national history=national memory.
I have studied theory of emblem in a number of my works and defined it as a stable mnemonic pattern that keeps information about the whole context of its origin. Any historically important event or artifact has both its preconditions and consequences in multiple and various spheres of culture. Those are reflected in different ways and are always fixed in emblems. Constellation of such emblems constitutes the most general memory of any nation. History of a nation starts from a geographical location. The next important factor is a language, its structure and roots. Language structure and vocabulary are being reconfigured by visual impressions and habitual needs as well as by contacts with aliens (neighbors and foreigners) and migration of insiders. Thus a tradition or, by other words, a national identity evolves, which can be followed backwards by material artifacts and by written sources later. Identity expresses itself in cultural texts. It influences on and is influenced by both personal and collective behavior. The more collective behavior is the more apparent identity becomes.
THE LANGUAGE AND THE CULTURAL MUTUAL INTERFERENCE
IN THE CRIMEAN MULTI-ETHNIC COMMUNITY
Dr. Oleksa Haiworonski (Bakhchisaray, Ukraine),
Dr. Kateryna Kokorina (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The diversity and active interaction of ethnic groups in the Crimea determined the necessity of working out an interethnic communication standard.
Historically, the Crimean Tatar language was of primary importance in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, being actively used by different Crimean ethnicities.
A characteristic phenomenon existed in the Crimean Greek community, which included groups speaking either Greek or a Kypchak dialect as their mother tongue. The latter was also widely used by the Armenians. The language practices of the Krymchaks and the Karaites were consistent with that trend.
The Crimean population openness to the perception of cultural influences was characteristic for later times too.
The peculiarities of linguistic and cultural mutual influences among Crimean ethnicities demonstrate the uniqueness of Crimean experience in the multiethnic coexistence.
ARCHAEOLOGY, NATIONALISM, NAZISM:
A CASE STUDY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KULTURWISSENSCHAFTEN
AND POLITICS IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES
Prof. Dr. Heinrich Härke (Tübingen, Deutschland)
Gustaf Kossinna’s 1911 book entitled ‘German Prehistory – a Pre-eminently National Discipline’ and his professorship at Berlin marked the beginnings of an increasingly nationalist orientation of German archaeology. While this was not an isolated phenomenon in European scholarship at the time, it was unique in leading, in a direct line, to Nazi archaeology with its racist interpretations of prehistory, colonial-style excavations in occupied countries, and the plundering of East European museums.
The collaboration of German prehistoric and medieval archaeologists with the powers of the Third Reich provided them with jobs and status, and perhaps also a ‘mission’ to believe in. In that sense, it was a truly ‘Faustian bargain’ (B. Arnold). The question is, though, to which extent Nazi archaeology represents a unique phenomenon, or just a special case at the extreme end of the spectrum in which all Kulturwissenschaften work. As long as our disciplines depend on state funding (and it is difficult to imagine a different funding model for them), they are necessarily open to suggestions, temptations, and direct or indirect pressure from politics and government. In that sense, Nazi archaeology is a ‘warning from prehistory’.
LATÈNOID FIBULAE IN THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA STEPPE.
SIGN OF DIRECT CONTACT WITH THE CELTS OR RESULT OF THE TRANSFER OF IDEAS?
Kirsten Hellström (Berlin, Germany)
As in northern Central Europe, the forest steppe and the western Pontus, in northeastern Black Sea regions at the turn of the older to younger Pre-Roman Iron Age the influence of the Latène culture is noticeable in finds of toreutics, helmets, weapons and jewellery of Celtic origin.
One of the earliest types of fibulae of the younger Iron Age (near J. Kostrzewski’s fibula type B) appears in the northern Black Sea steppe in Latène C2. This plain wire fibula became quite widespread throughout the entire central, southeast and east European sphere, a factor that hampers conclusive analysis of its origin.
Most scholars engaged in this issue argue that the adoption of this fibula type in the dress of steppe inhabitants resulted from direct contacts between Celts and the late Scythian culture.
The author of this paper proposes that the use of this type by non-Celtic cultures in central and eastern Europe (Jastorf-, Przeworsk-, Poineşti-Lukaševka-, Zarubinec cultures, Late Scythian culture) could also be an outcome of their ‘adjusting’ to Latène influence.
The typo-chronological analysis as well as the distribution of this type indicate that probably a few pieces were mediated from the forest steppe in the north to the Black Sea, but then quickly followed by examples of local production.
LYDER IM SÜD-PHRYGIEN: LINGUISTISCHE, HISTORISCHE UND ARCHÄOLOGISCHE ANGABEN
Prof. Dr. Askold Ivanchik (Moskau, Russland / Bordeaux, Frankreich)
Eine sehr beschädigte Inschrift wurde 2009 während der Prospektionen in Kelainai (Apameia in Phrygien) entdeckt. Die linguistische Analyse des Textes erlaubt es festzustellen, dass sie auf Lydisch geschrieben wurde, und Anfang des 5. Jhs. v. Chr. Zu datieren ist. Man kann sich auch ihr Inhalt im großen vorzustellen. Die Angaben dieser Inschrift werden im Vortrag mit den Erzählungen Herodots und mit archäologischen Daten verglichen, die aus Kelainai stammen. Diese Angaben zeugen davon, dass Kelainai und ihr Territorium in der vorachämenidischen Epoche dem lydischen Königtum gehörten, wobei der lydische Einfluss hier auch später, mindestens während der achämenidischen Zeit existierte. Die onomastischen Angaben lassen vermuten, dass das lydische Element in dieser Gegend auch später überlebte.
DIE JAMNAJA-KULTUR UND DIE INDOEUROPÄISCHE GRUNDSPRACHE.
IHRE KONZEPTIONEN IN OST UND WEST WÄHREND DES 20. JAHRHUNDERTS
Dr. Elke Kaiser (Berlin, Deutschland)
Die osteuropäische Steppe wurde nicht erst von M. Gimbutas als Ausgangsregion von indoeuropäischen Stämmen angesehen, sondern ist von Sprach- und Altertumswissenschaftlern bereits gegen Ende des 19. Jhs. als mögliche „Urheimat“ einer Population diskutiert worden, die die indoeuropäische Grundsprache teilten. Fortschritte in der archäologischen Erforschung dieses Naturraums, der zunächst die relativchronologische Untergliederung der Kupfer- und Bronzezeit anhand von Stratigraphien in den Grabhügeln ergab und nachfolgend die detailliertere Beschreibung der archäologischen Kulturen erlaubte, führten dann zu dem Postulat, dass die Träger der Jamnaja-Kultur mit der Ausbreitung der indoeuropäischen Grundsprache in engen Zusammenhang zu stellen ist. Wesentlicher Indikator für diese Annahme war die über die Grenzen der osteuropäischen Steppenregion herausreichende Verbreitung von Bestattungen in Grabhügeln, die mit jenen nördlich des Schwarzen Meeres direkt zu vergleichen sind. Die Vermittlung von bestimmten Grabkonstruktionen und Bestattungsbrauchtum in andere Regionen wird gerne mit Bevölkerungsbewegungen, also Wanderungen, erklärt. Im Falle der Jamnaja-Kultur wurden und werden Argumente aus der Sprachwissenschaft und der Archäologie im Wechselspiel gebraucht. Mit dem Buch von D.W. Anthony (2007) erhielt die Deutung von Elementen aus dem Steppengebiet, die in verschiedenen Regionen Europas vorhanden sind, als Resultat indoeuropäischer Wanderungen eine Renaissance und sowohl althergebrachte als auch neue Konzepte werden derzeit verstärkt erörtert.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS DISCOVERED IN THE FORT OF GONIO-APSARUS IN 1995-2011
Dr. Emzar Kakhidze (Batumi, Georgia)
The fort of Apsarus lies in south-western Georgia (Adjara), ca. 8 km to the south of Batumi. It guarded the entries into the Chorokhi and Ajaristkali gorges, connecting the inner regions of south-western Georgia with the Black Sea coast. It was one of the strongest points – first of Rome, and then of Byzantium and Ottoman Empire on the eastern Black Sea area.
The first settlement appeared in the 8th-7th centuries BC. As for the material of the following period, only the single units have been found so far. Two graves with several Colchian vessels of the 5th century BC were discovered in 2000 during the Georgian-Germany joint expedition. The Hellenistic period is represented by a Macedonian coin and fragments of the Sinopean amphoras.
The structures of the Roman period (1st-3rd centuries AD) are represented by the remains of thermae, principia, barracks, workshops, and a wine-cellar. Some of them were roofed with tiles and had under-floor heating. Timber structures seem to have prevailed in the architecture of Apsarus, stone being used mainly for building the foundation and, occasionally, the ground floor. Various-size systems of sewerage, water supply, a quadrangular water cistern and a well also identified.
The Ottomans took away the fort of Apsarus ca. in 12th century, in 1547. After this the Janissary garrison was stationed at the fort until 1878, when Gonio and all of Ajara became part of Russian Empire. The kiln for firing ceramic ware, magnificent specimens of glazed pottery and faience, pipes, lighters, details of harness, iron weapons, remains of a many-towered building, a mosque, the above-cited bath with water-supply and stone-paved streets are dated to the period of Ottoman rule.
„THRAKISCHEN HALLSTATT“-KULTUREN IM NORDPONTIKUM:
KONZEPTIONSENTWICKLUNG, KULTURAUSTAUSCH UND TECHNOLOGIENEUHEITEN
Dr. Maja Kašuba (St. Petersburg, Russland)
Der Vortrag behandelt die hallstattzeitlichen Fundmaterialen und Kulturen im Nordpontikum und ihre Rolle im Kulturaustausch und Technologietransfer in der Frühen Eisenzeit. Die Konzeption bezüglich der „Thrakischen Hallstatt“-Kulturen im Nordpontikum wurde in der zweiten Hälfte des XX Jhs. abgefasst. Es handelt sich um die spezifischen Erscheinungsformen der Kultur im 12.–8/7. Jh. v. Chr. im östlichen Vorkarpaten. Statt des alten Begriffs „Thrakischen Hallstatt“ war die neue Konzeption über s. g. Hallstattisierung herausgearbeitet. Durch solcher besonderer kultur-geschichtliche Entwicklung wurden die Kulturkontakte der lokalen Bevölkerung nach Karpatenbecken, Südosteuropa und Balkan eingestellt und gepflegt. Im Vortrag werden die einige Probleme diskutiert, die mit dem Eisenbearbeiten im 10. Jh. v. Chr. oder Erscheinen der frühesten grauen Drehscheibenkeramik in der Mitte des 7. Jh.s v. Chr. in den Ostkarpaten zusammenhängen. So wurden die östlichen Vorkarpaten im 12.–8/7. Jh. v. Chr. als Transferraum zum Karpatenbecken und zum Balkan.
THE ALANS IN THE CRIMEA ACCORDING TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND WRITTEN SOURCES
Prof. Dr. Igor Khrapunov (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The Alans were a tribe and later a people that played an important role in the Late Roman and Mediaeval history of the Crimea.
For the first time, the Alans in the Crimea are mentioned by an inscription discovered in Pantikapaion. At the very beginning of the 2nd c. AD they appeared in vicinity of Chersonesos. After that, written sources did not mention them until the 13th century, except for one doubtful inscription with the date of 706 AD. However, archaeological data allow one to suppose that the Alans actively migrated to the Crimea from the North Caucasus in the 4th c. AD to become one of the most important components of the population of the mountainous and foothill areas that shaped in the Middle Ages.
From the 13th to the 15th c. the Alans were mentioned in written sources many times. They populated different areas of the peninsula, concentrating especially in the South-Western Crimea, close to the fortress of Kyrk-Yer (Çufut Qale). In the 16th century the Alans probably participated in the formation of a new ethnic community, Crimean Greeks, losing their own ethnic features and ceasing to exist as an ethnos.
COINS IN THE CEMETERIES OF CRIMEAN BARBARIANS
IN THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD:
THEIR CHRONOLOGY, RITUAL USE, AND REFLECTION OF CONTACTS WITH GRECO-ROMAN WORLD
Nikita Khrapunov (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The lecture represents the analyses of coin finds in the Crimean cemeteries of Sarmatian-Alan, Germanic and mixed population that survived through the mid-third century AD catastrophe or appeared after it. The majority of coins were minted in the Roman Empire; others were from the Bosporan kingdom, Chersonesos Taurica, Lycia and Amastris. Coins were not used in funerals in the second half of the third century and after 310-320-s AD, though other provincial Roman goods still came to the graves. Coins accompanied male, female and child graves, all types of constructions, and were placed in different locations. In most part of cemeteries they were in 5–10% of graves, up to 7 pieces in a Sarmatian inhumation and up to 15 pieces in a Germanic cremation. Some people probably did not understand the initial purpose of coins that came to them as a result of contacts with Greco-Roman population.
ROMANS IN CHERSONESOS
Dr. Daniil Kostromichev (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
The matter of my research is the contacts between the Greek city of Chersonesos and the Roman Empire. Connections between them lay in various spheres: economy, political and military contacts, religion, etc. Reflection of these aspects in the archeological material is the basic subject for my research. I investigate archaeological materials connected with the Roman military presence at Chersonesos, especially details of Roman military equipment (weapons, ammunition, military clothes) dated from the 1st to the 5th c. AD. Study of these details expands our knowledge about the history of Roman garrisons at this area.
The further research should expand the circle of archaeological sources about the connections between Rome and Chersonesos. It is necessary to study the ancient city, funeral complexes of its necropolis in Roman time, and single objects of the Roman material culture found in the city. Analysis of these materials could help to define directions of the contacts. The modern data show the contacts of Chersonesos with the Danube and Rhein provinces. And it is possible to find out the contents of contacts; to establish through what group of population they were carried out; to find out the degree of the influence of the Roman culture on the local population. Studying of Roman Chersonesos, in a certain degree, compensates the lack of archaeological researches of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire.
IMMORTALITY OF DEAD LANGUAGES
(THE CONTRIBUTION OF LATIN AND ANCIENT GREEK IN A MODERN SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY)
Dr. Natalia Kulikova (Penza, Russia)
The quantity of scientific terms grows constantly. A huge volume of the scientific dictionary is an objective reality, since any science does not exist without its terminological base. The well-known fact is that the terminologies of the most different sciences, including sciences recently appeared, replenished and continue to replenish at the expense of active attraction, of the vocabulary and word-formation means of two classic languages of the Antiquity - Ancient Greek and Latin. Ancient Greek language and Latin language belong to the family of Indo-European languages. The terminology of a Greek-Latin origin easily assimilates in all these languages quite often through intermediate languages. A modern scientific terminology, proceeding from a language origin of words, forms of writing, function which is carrying out at national or international level, is divided into following basic groups: 1) primordially national names; 2) adoptions (loanwords) or artificial made (designed) classicisms (Greek and Latin loanwords); 3) primordial West European terms; 4) so-called Latin termini technici - the special terms used and unequivocally understood only by experts of corresponding areas of scientific knowledge.
THE MARKS ON THE SCYTHIAN BRONZE ARROWHEADS
Oksana Lifantii (Kyiv, Ukraine)
There is no fixed terminology in denotation of marks on the arrowheads at present. Therefore we have proposed a typology of the marks on the bronze arrowheads of the Scythian culture.
Two sections have been distinguished by the method of manufacturing: the casted and the scratched. It is worthy to note that the casted marks were made during the production of an arrowhead, and the scratched ones were traced on the finished product. Consequently, the first were made exceptionally by a caster and second ― by a caster or by an owner. Due to the miniature size of the marks (length of lines was up to 5 mm, thickness to 1-2 mm) casting of a mark was jewellery, and possibly more valuable. The scratched marks are simpler in tracing; therefore special casting form is not necessary in that case.
The sections were divided into three basic types: linear, crossed and wrapped. Two more types are angular marks and «image of bow» which number is limited.
In our view, the sources for the tracing marks tradition can be found in the cultures of the preceding time. Probably, the basic types originated from the practice of fastening the tanged arrowheads to a shaft. The tradition have been traced from times of the Sintashta culture (Sintashta 2 burial mounds) through the Cimmerian (Vysoka Mohyla, Mala Tsimbalka) to the Scythian time.
THE LANGUAGE OF THE WALLS. INFORMAL INSCRIPTIONS AS A WAY OF COMMUNICATION IN ROMAN EGYPT: EVIDENCE FROM POLISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN EGYPT
Prof. Dr. Adam Lukaszewicz (Warsaw, Poland)
Wall graffiti are a very old way of direct communication of ideas. They also commemorate persons and events. In antiquity they were often more serious than today’s wall scribbles. In Egypt of the pharaohs such inscriptions were very frequent. In the Greco-Roman period (4th century BC – 7th century AD) the use of Greek in the wall graffiti expanded, gradually prevailing over the Demotic Egyptian. Under Roman rule the Latin graffiti are surprisingly rare. In the Christian period a conspicuous phenomenon is the appearance of texts in Coptic.
In this paper some significant examples of wall graffiti discovered and/or studied by the author during his works with the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Egypt will be discussed. They are important evidence of the way in which people recorded their presence or communicated their thoughts.
PETER OLUF BRØNDSTED: A CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST AND PHILOLOGIST IN DENMARK
AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Dr. John Lund (Copenhagen, Denmark)
P.O. Brøndsted (1780-1842) embodies the association between classical archaeology and philology in Denmark in the early 19th century. He was a gifted scholar in both disciplines, who from 1810 to 1814 travelled to Greece as one of the first Danes, where he excavated at Karthaia in Keos and participated in the exploration of the Temple of Apollo at Phigaleia. After his return to Denmark, Brøndsted gave a series of lectures at the University of Copenhagen which introduced ancient and contemporary Greece to the Danish audience. He also played a part in the formation of the collections of coins and classical antiquities in the Danish National Museum. Brøndsted’s pioneering contributions to the emerging archaeological exploration of Greece have hardly received the international recognition they deserve, probably because his diaries and travel lectures were written in Danish.
THE SOUTH-EASTERN CRIMEA IN THE 10TH AND 11TH CENTURIES. BETWEEN KHASARIA, BYZANTINE, AND MEDIEVAL RUSSIA: CULTURAL RELATIONS AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE
Dr. Vadim Maiko (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The so-called Macedonian renaissance (2nd half of the 9th and the 11th c. AD) is one of the most interesting periods to analyze the cultural exchange between the Byzantine Empire and other medieval political entities. At this time Constantinople became the world handicraft and trade center, and the trendsetter of European fashion. The beginning of the Macedonian renaissance was not contemporary in different parts of the Taurica. In contrast to the Southern and South-Western Crimea, in the South-Eastern part of the peninsula it can be dated not earlier than the middle of the 10th century.
The material culture of the South-Eastern Crimea in the 10th and 11th centuries represents one of the variants of the Provincial-Byzantine culture. It belongs to the circle of synchronous cultures of the Pontic and Mediterranean Provinces which were constantly under economic and cultural influence of the Empire. At the same time the geographic position of the Crimea caused many other cultural contacts (with the Medieval Rus, nomads of Eastern Europe, cultures of Taman peninsula and Northern Caucasus, Balkans, and Northern Italy).
THE ANTIQUE INFLUENCE ON THE MAEOTIAN CERAMIC MANUFACTURE
Prof. Dr. Ivan Marchenko,
Prof. Dr. Natalia Limberis
(Krasnodar, Russia)
Regular commercial relations of the Maeotians with Greek cities of the Northern Black Sea Littoral were established at the beginning of the 5th c. BC. The Greek influence on the ceramic manufacture of the Maeotians is traced by the middle of the century. First imitations of Greek vessels are rare. There are 3 grey clay jugs, 4 stemmed dishes, 3 bowls, 1 mug and 1 kantharos. They copy a form of Greek black glazed and red clay ware of the time. The Greek-Maeotian commercial relations achieved its prosperity in the 4th c. BC. The greatest number of Maeotian imitations of the Greek ware is dated to this century. Practically all Maeotian jugs repeat forms of the Greek ones. Maeotian potters copied also forms of fish plates, pelikai, stemmed dishes, mugs, one-handle bowls, lekanoi and vases. However, there are no Maeotian imitations of the black glazed kantharoi. In one burial there were found 2 Maeotian jugs decorated with a meander in white and red paints. This ornament should be copied from a Milesian amphora, which was found in the next synchronous grave.
By the beginning of the 3rd c. BC the Greek influence on the local ceramics weakens. Individual imitations of fish plates and jugs appeared up to the 1st c. BC. In the 2nd half of the 3rd c. BC the kantharoi were still produced by the Greek samples, but by the 2nd c. BC the Greek forms were not copied any more. It’s connected with a high rate of the Maeotian pottery development and the creation of their own forms of vessels.
ROMAN IMPORTS IN THE BURIAL RITE OF
BARBARIAN POPULATION OF THE CRIMEA
Vyacheslav Masyakin (Simferopol, Ukraine)
There will be discussed a phenomenon, when in the burial rite of a local culture there were used goods of an alien culture on the case with the local population of the Crimea and the Roman imports, which appeared there from the 1st c. BC to the 5th c. AD.
The analysis of use of the Roman goods in the burials of Crimean barbarians allows one to make following conclusions. Generally the use of such objects corresponds to the traditions of other cultures of the barbarian world. However, some peculiarities could be pointed out, which belong to the discussing region:
1. Finds of military equipment (weapons, belt fittings, armour) and horse harness almost always are connected with graves of females and children. Often they are damaged and should be dated earlier than the burials. Apparently they were used as amulets. There are parallels to this custom in Sarmatian graves of Hungary located near the Roman Limes.
There is also evident difference in use of such objects in the German graves, where they are often found in male burials and were used by their functional purpose. Possibly it is due to differences in nature and intensity of Roman-barbarian contacts.
2. A special custom is characteristic for some elite burials of the Ust’-Al’ma necropolis dated to the 1st c. AD. The Roman bronzes were used in these graves following Roman burial tradition. A similar phenomenon is observed first of all in the “princely” German complexes (Hoby etc.).
TRADE CONNECTIONS OF THE BARBARIAN POPULATION OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN CRIMEA IN ROMAN TIMES (BASED ON THE AMPHORA CONTAINERS)
Denis Masyuta (Bakhchisaray, Ukraine)
Amphora containers belong to the most widespread categories of the archaeological material found in cultural layers of the settlements of the Late Scythian Culture in the South-Western Crimea in Roman times. Amphorae are essential for the reconstruction of trade connections between the local barbarian population and the ancient centers.
Amphorae from the cultural layers dated from the 1st c. BC to the 1st c. AD (Ust’-Al’ma, Alma-Kerman etc.) are mainly represented by those from Heraclea, Sinope and Colchis. By the 2nd c. AD the trade volume increases dominated by imports from Heraclea.
The main trade operations were probably carried out with the mediation of Chersonesos. Certain shipments of goods could arrive at Ust’-Al’ma port settlement directly from the exporting centers.
Bosporan containers began to appear at the settlements of the Late Scythian Culture in the second half of the 2nd c. AD, and partially replaced the production of other workshops in the 3rd c. AD.
In general, the contexts with amphorae from the barbarian settlements of the South-Western Crimea contain such types of vessels, which were widespread in the Northern Black Sea region. However, the settlements situated in the coastal zone show more variability of the imported containers.
GLOBALIZED CONSUMPTION AND ROLES OF THE EXOTIC:
RECONSIDERING CHINESE MATERIALS IN THE XIONGNU STEPPE EMPIRE
Dr. Bryan K. Miller (Bonn, Germany)
Acculturative paradigms of Sinicization, or ‘becoming Chinese’, have often been employed for the surge of luxury goods and styles from the Han Empire in monuments of the later Xiongnu Empire. Historians and archaeologists alike have thereby reconstructed a decline in Xiongnu power and acquiescence of steppe leaders to Chinese social practices and political preeminence. Modern debates on globalization processes, however, provide us with the narrative of a cosmopolitan culture consisting of ideas and goods that transcend nations and societies to create an organized heterogeneity of distinct cultures and societies. This paper accordingly demonstrates that Chinese objects and fashions in the Xiongnu Empire are manifestations of such a globalized consumption within prestige systems of the steppe elite. Instead of approaching the surge of Chinese materials in the steppes merely from the view of culture contact, this paper proposes to consider these exotic elements within their complete steppe contexts and posit them as components of an interregional global culture that transcended the steppes and as contributors to intraregional social change within the steppes.
CENTRE AND PERIPHERY IN THE NORTH PONTIC REGION
(3RD C. BC – MID-3RD C. AD)
Dr. Valentina Mordvintseva (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The influence of the centres of civilization on the periphery was expressed most significantly in the burials of the barbarian elites. Political and economic interests of the center suggested an immediate contact with representatives of the nobility of neighboring barbarian peoples. The way in which the barbarian society buried their outstanding members identifies the entire culture, including the main cultural values, directions of foreign relations and contacts.
The features of the ostentatious burials of the North Pontic region have not yet been specified. To highlight these features, an analysis of the burial rite was undertaken in order to identify the statistical model of an average burial in each area of research at different chronological stages. The burials that rank above the average were separately analyzed in order to find features of a high social status. In this way the elite complexes were selected for each area.
Following this, the elite assemblages were divided into levels, depending on the presence of particular categories of status objects.
Following this, the elite assemblages were divided into levels, depending on the presence of particular categories of status objects.
“GODDESS ON A THRONE”: CHANGEABLE ATTRIBUTES AND CHANGING ATTRIBUTIONS
Dr. Maya Muratov (Garden City, USA),
Dr. Tatyana Ilyina (Moscow, Russia)
In numerous works dealing with various aspects of Greek religion, studies dedicated to the iconography of deities occupy an important place. After all, attributes are read as visual signs that help to identify the deities of the vast Greek pantheon. But what about the cases when an attribute that had been securely associated with one deity appears in a representation of another?
Among the terracotta figurines that belonged to the temple of Aphrodite and Dionysus on the acropolis of Pantikapaion, a small fragment representing the upper part of a female figure wearing a chiton has been found. On top of the chiton an aegis with a gorgoneion are clearly visible – the two attributes often connected with Athena. However, the complete figurines of this very type depict a goddess seated on a throne, wearing a mural crown and holding a phiale – a representation characteristic of Cybele and Tyche.
This paper explores the creation of this type of figurines, follows its stylistic development and offers suggestions regarding the possible “identity” of the deity represented. Through that, several aspects of the cult of the “Great Goddess” in the Bosporos in the 3rd century BC are further elucidated.
URGESCHICHTE DER ARIER IM LICHTE DER ARISCH-URALISCHEN BEZIEHUNGEN
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Napol'skich (Iževsk, Russland)
Aus der traditionell angenommenen Stratifikation der arischen Entlehnungen in den uralischen Sprachen (Idg. ® Ural., FrühurAr. ® F.-Ugr., Urarisch ® F.-Ugr., FrühurIran. ® F.-Perm. / Ugr., Alt- / MittelIran. ® F.-Wolg. / Perm. / Ugr.) folgert die Hypothese über die Kontinuität der Sprachen der Bevölkerung eurasischer Steppen (Idg. – Ar. – Iran.). Diese Stratifikation stützt sich aber nicht auf tatsächliche Daten, sondern nur auf Ansichten, dass die südlichen Nachbarn der Uralier immer nur Iranier und ihre direkten sprachlichen Vorfahren gewesen sein konnten. Eine kritische Analyse der arischen Lehnwörter in den uralischen Sprachen zeigt eindeutig, dass ihre älteste Schichten (bis zum Ende des 2. Jts. v. Chr.) nur aus den Sprachen des indoarischen Typus stammen konnten und sich keine Spuren iranischen Einflusses nachweisen lassen. Erst an der Wende des 2. / 1. Jts. vor Chr. erscheinen die ersten echt iranischen (ostiranischen) Lehnwörter, die meistens in den ugrischen und permischen Sprachen vorliegen. Das bedeutet, dass an der Wende des 2. / 1. Jts. vor Chr. in den Steppen eine Ersetzung der alten indoarisch sprechenden Bevölkerung durch die wahrscheinlich aus Osten kommenden Ostiranier stattfand.
SOME KEY EPISODES IN THE HISTORY OF TAURICA IN THE 10TH AND 11TH C.:
THE HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMMENT
Dr. Valeriy Naumenko (Bakhchisaray, Ukraine)
The paper considers some key episodes in the history of Taurica: 1) the end of the Khazar period in the history of the peninsula; 2) the role of Taurica in the system of Russian-Byzantine relations in the 10th c.; 3) relations between Byzantium and the nomads of the North Pontic area. The sequence and character of the events is reconstructed on the basis of the complex analysis of written, epigraphic, sphragistic, and archaeological sources.
The analysis shows that already by the end of the 9th c. a large part of Taurica located between Cherson and Bosporus (‘Klimata’) was under the direct control of the Cherson administration. The church system was improved too. As the notitia of Nicholas I Mysticus (901-907) testifies, it included archbishops of Cherson, Bosporus, Gothia, Sougdaia and Phullae.
The events of the 10th c. in Taurica were decisive for the Russian-Byzantine relations, in particular the crisis of 80-s (the «Korsun campaign» of Prince Vladimir). Although the wider scale of Russian military expansion on the peninsula at this time is not reflected in the written sources, it is well observed on the base of the archaeological studies.
The comparison of the narrative and archaeological sources shows that the nomadic Pechenegs remained on the peninsula during the 10th and in the 1st half of the 11th c. The appearance of the Polovtsians at the mid-11th c. had no catastrophic consequences for the local population.
LINGUISTISCHE AUSLEGUNG DER ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN FUNDE IM OSTSLAWISCHEN GEBIET
Prof. Dr. Natalia Nikolaeva (Kazan, Russland)
Eine linguistische Interpretation ist für die archäologischen Funde notwendig, die Inschriften bzw. Unterschriften verschiedener Art tragen. Bei der zeitlichen Attribution solcher Funde geben oft sprachliche Besonderheiten der Inschriften oder der Texte (z.B. Birkenurkunden von Nowgorod) genauere Information als Daten der archäologischen Stratigraphie. Andererseits helfen archäologische Angaben bei der Datierung von Funden, wenn jegliche kennzeichnende Merkmale für ihre chronologische Zugehörigkeit in Sprache der Inschriften fehlen (z.B. Amphora aus Gnezdovo/Kertsch).
ANTIQUE GLASS FROM THE SANCTUARY GURZUF SADDLE
Kristina Novichenkova-Lukicheva (Yalta, Ukraine)
The collection of glassware from the sanctuary at the pass Gurzuf Saddle is unusual by its composition in comparison with other finds from the Northern Black Sea Coast. It includes two chronological groups: a) 2 – 1 half of the 1 c. BC; b) 2 half of the 1 c. BC – 1 half of the 1 c. AD.
The first group consists of two tens vessels including three polychrome “onyx-glass” rhyta, cast bowls and beakers. In the 2 c. BC the cast and mosaic glassware occurred in rich archaeological complexes of the Northern Black Sea Coast along with other import products – metal vessels and jewellery. At this period the Mountain Crimea, which earlier was rather an isolated area, was involved into the active interaction with classical antiquity spread at the end of the Hellenistic epoch all over the Northern Black Sea Coast.
The second chronological group of antique glass is more numerous and various. It contains not only ware (including early Roman blown vessels), but also a windowpane, ornaments with glass inserts and the unique plate of «gold band glass». The expansion of the Roman state northeastwards demanded the suppression of activity of the barbarians. In this connection the glassware found in the rich barbarian burials and in the sanctuary Gurzuf Saddle can be considered as gifts to the chiefs and military trophies.
ROMAN MILITARY EQUIPMENT FROM THE TAURICA
(BASED ON THE MATERIALS FROM THE SANCTUARY GURZUF SADDLE)
Maria Novichenkova (Kyiv, Ukraine)
At the sanctuary Gurzuf Saddle a group of Roman military equipment dated from the 1st c. BC to the 1st c. AD was found, which is the largest among the archaeological finds at the South of Eastern Europe. Many of the artifacts were found together for the first time. Among them there are parts of Republican shields, armour, signums. The complex consists of more than 600 objects and 4,000 pieces: offensive and defensive weapon, horse harness, belt fittings, ritual objects, etc. Roman military equipment is divided into three chronological groups: a) 2 half of the 1 c. BC; b) 1 half of the 1 c. AD; c) 2 half of the 1 c. AD.
Roman political influence in the region during these chronological periods was regarded weak before the discovery of the site. Most of Roman objects found in the archaeological context were dated to the 2-4 c. AD. The number of early Roman military equipment from the sanctuary should be connected with military actions of the Romans in the Northern Black Sea in the 1 c. BC – 1 c. AD, and with the system of sea communications among Chersonesos, Bosporus, Asia Minor, and the Southern coast of Taurica.
A GROUP OF LATE HELLENISTIC ARTICLES FROM THE MAIN RIDGE OF THE CRIMEAN MOUNTAINS: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF CULTURAL INTERACTIONS
Prof. Dr. Natalia Novichenkova (Yalta, Ukraine)
The sanctuary is situated at the pass of Gurzuf Saddle, on the Main Ridge of Crimean Mountains. There was discovered a big variety of finds dated to the Hellenistic period, including coins of Bosporus, Chersonesos, Pontus, Byzantium, Kallatis. The layer of light clay with animal bones was filled with amphora fragments, splinters of glass vessels and metal articles. Metal objects can be divided into 3 groups in accordance to their origin showing different directions of contacts: Sarmatian and Scythian (Northern direction), La Tène and Etruscan (Western direction), Mediterranean imports (Southern direction). A fourth, Eastern direction could be traced by the occurrence of prestigious valuables in votive complexes. Thus, finds from the Gurzuf Saddle correlate with those from the Artyuhovskii barrow on the Taman peninsula, «the Gold cemetery» in the Kuban region, and from the so-called votive hoards.
The materials of the sanctuary dated to the Hellenistic period show the most active communications with the Bosporan kingdom. The area of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains was probably a matter of special interest to the Bosporus that has affected the establishment of contacts with the so-called Late Scythians and the Pontus kingdom. Considerable quantity of objects from the sanctuary is similar to the finds from ship-wrecks in the Mediterranean Sea, which might evidence their delivery by the sea.
IRAN AND EUROPE IN ANTIQUITY
Prof. Dr. Marek Jan Olbrycht (Rzeszow, Poland)
The history of Iran is intimately bound not only with Central Asia and Middle East but also with Europe. The conflict between the Greeks and Persians provided one of the reference points in the development of the Hellenic identity and subsequently, once the Graeco-Persian wars had undergone a process of mythologisation, also of the European identity.
However, East-West relations were not limited merely to conflicts. The Achaemenids established the world’s first universal empire. Their vast state provided a reference and a model looked up to by subsequent empires on the territory of Iran: ruled by Alexander, the Seleucids, Arsacids, and the Sasanians.
The Greeks observed and made records of the Persian system of government, drawing a distinction between monarchy and tyranny. Plato admitted that the best monarchy was the one set up by the Persians, just as the Athenians had established the best democracy.
There were strong connections between Greece and Iran in the arts, letters, and philosophy, too. One of the centres of lively Greek-Iranian cultural exchange was Ephesus, where the renowned philosopher Heraclitus lived and worked. Heraclitus’ philosophy shows clear signs of Iranian influence. Fire, which in Zoroastrianism is the source of life, is the fundamental principle of the cosmos in his philosophy.
A fascinating set of Persian connections is associated with Plato and his family. Perhaps Plato was the Persian proxenos (honorary consul) in Athens for some time. According to one story, the death of Plato marked the end of the great cycle of six thousand years initiated by Zarathushtra. Thereby the great prophet of Iran and the great philosopher of Greece were put alongside each other in one cosmological concept.
HOMO CHARISMATICUS IM ÖFFENTLICHEN DISKURS (POLITIK, WISSENSCHAFT, KUNST):
KONTRASTIVE UNTERSUCHUNG UKRAINISCH/DEUTSCH
Prof. Dr. Natalja Petljutschenko (Odessa, Ukraine)
Das vorliegende Projekt hat das Ziel, prosodische und kinematische Merkmale einer charismatischen Person in verschiedenen Diskursen – Politik, Religion, Akademie, Kunst – am Sprachmaterial Deutsch und Ukrainisch voranzubringen und am Beispiel der monologischen Auftritte von ukrainischen und deutschen Politikern, Priestern, Hochschullehrern und Schauspielern entsprechende linguistische und diskursive Charisma-Porträts herauszuarbeiten. Mit diesem Projekt kann also ein Beitrag zu einer experimentellen „Überprüfung“ des Weberschen Charisma–Idealtyps (M. Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 1922) geleistet und dadurch ein linguistisches Sensorium entwickelt werden, „um ein Charisma nach äußeren Indizien empirisch nachzuweisen“ (WuG II 842). Forschungsergebnisse könnten ihre praktische Anwendung im Bereich der Diskursstudien, komparativer Linguistik, experimenteller Phonetik sowie nonverbaler Kommunikation (Parasprache) finden. Ein Zielergebnis des Projekts sind Aufsätze, eine Monographie, eine Datenbank.
ETHNO-CULTURAL SPECIFICITY OF INNER WORD FORM IN VERBAL POETIC IMAGES OF NEW ZEALAND POETRY
Elena Petrakova (Yalta, Ukraine)
The research is based on analysis of the theory by A. A. Potebnya about notion of inner word form. There is an endeavour to develop the idea that the interpretation of a verbal poetic image of regional poetry depends on the content of its inner word form which contains ethno-cultural specificity on example of New Zealand poetry.
A. A. Potebnya considers an inner word form as the presentation of man’s own idea in his consciousness. It follows that a man has a special inner sphere of unconscious thoughts, which are realized by means of an inner word form. A. A. Potebnya accepts the primacy of a word with its inner form in respect to a thought. But anyway a word does not present the whole idea; it discloses one of the subject’s features. It means that an image decomposes its features one of which is an inner word form. Consequently subjects realizing in reality can be classified only by this feature. Furthermore perception of reality depends on cultural mentality of a certain ethnos. So it follows that the perception of inner word form is loaded with extra linguistic factors. To prove the supposed point one suggests some examples of interpretation of verbal poetic images on basis of revealing of specificity of their inner word form.
THE WAYS OF “SCYTHIAN ANIMALS”: THE SPREAD OF THE ANIMAL STYLE THROUGHOUT EURASIA DURING THE SCYTHIAN ARCHAIC EPOCH
Dr. Yuriy Polidovych (Donetsk, Ukraine)
In the period from the 7th to the 6th c. BC a fine art known as the Animal Style spread throughout the Eurasian steppe and neighbouring regions. The specific set of animals and the compositional and stylistic methods of their representation were characteristic for this style. The main features of this art were common for the whole vast territory of its distribution. It can be supposed that it is originated from one region (probably Central Asia: a complex of Arzhan barrow, deer stones and petroglyphs) and then spread all over the Steppe. This process was mainly caused by migration of ideas rather than by migration of a population. The spreading of the Animal Style took place simultaneously with the development of nomadism, new armament and the mode of life, the powerful influence of the Near East civilizations. This art became the important part of the common steppe way of life and world outlook. The common or similar mythological ideas and rituals formed the basis for the wide spread of iconographic images of animals. At the same time there was a certain stylistic transformation (a striking example is the motifs of curled predator and flying deer), working out of local iconographic traditions.
HISTORISCHE VÖLKER UND ARCHÄOLOGISCHE KULTUREN
IM ÖSTLICHEN HINTERLAND DER RÖMISCHEN PROVINZ DACIA
Dr. Alexandru Popa (Frankfurt a.M., Germany)
Die Fragestellungen dieses Vortrags beziehen sich auf die Bevölkerung jenseits des Limes sowohl vor der Gründung der Provinz Dacia als auch während der römischen Präsenz nördlich der unteren Donau. Es soll einen zusammenfassenden Überblick zum aktuellen Forschungsstand bezüglich der Besiedlung des Untersuchungsgebiets während der ersten drei nachchristlichen Jahrhunderte geben. Dabei werden solche Fragen verfolgt wie „Wer waren die Nachbarn der Römer an der unteren Donau?“. „Wer waren sie aus Sicht der Archäologie?“ und „Welche überlieferten antiken Völker würde man hier lokalisieren?“.
Als erstes möchte ich das vorrömische Substrat in der Untersuchungsregion revue passieren lassen. Daran anschließend soll ein kurzer Abriss der kulturellen und ethnischen Situation im Untersuchungsgebiet zur Zeit der Provinz Dacia folgen.
HIRTEN DES NÖRDLICHEN STEPPENRAUMS UND DIE BENACHBARTEN ACKERBAUER IM ÄNEOLITHIKUM: DIE FRAGEN DER KOMMUNIKATION
Dr. Yuriy Rassamakin (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Im Äneolithikum (2. v. des 5. – Ende des 4. Jts. v. Chr.) standen die Systeme der pastoralen Kulturen im engen Kontakt miteinander, und waren zudem von der Entwicklung der Ackerbaukulturen abhängig (Balkan-Karpaten und Nord-Kaukasus).
Das Frühäneolithikum in der Steppenregion kennzeichnet die Entwicklung des Austausches von Prestigegütern mit der Welt der Ackerbauern (Varna, Karanovo VI, Gumelnita, Cucuteni A-Tripolje B-I, Pre-Majkop). Es war die Zeit der aktiven Beziehungen zwischen den beiden unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftssystemen. Einzelne Gräber und Gräberfelder der Elite spiegeln diese Prozesse in der Steppenzone (Giurgiulesti Suvorovo, Krivoj Rog, Chapli u.a) wieder.
Während des Mitteläneolithikums findet sich ein sukzessiv Prozess des verstärkten Einflusses von der ackerbaulichen Kulturen (Cucuteni B-Tripolije C-I und Majkop-Novosvobodnaja) auf die Steppenwelt statt, was die archäologischen Quellen deutlich zeigen.
Im Spätäneolithikum beginnt eine Krise in der ackerbaulichen Systeme (Tripolje C-II, spätere Novosvobodnaja), die zu einem Wandel in der Entwicklung der pastoralen Kulturen des nördlichen Schwarzmeers führte.
Im Vortrag wird versucht, diese Prozesse auf der Basis von archäologischen Quellen zu interpretieren. Zudem wird eine Frage gestellt: wie wichtig und auf welcher Ebene befand sich die sprachliche Kommunikation zwischen Vertretern von verschiedenen wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Systemen während des Äneolithikums, und ob eine dominierende Sprache existierte, die von den “Mächtigen“ gesprochen wurde.
GREEKS, SCYTHIANS, GETAE: ECONOMIC CONTACTS AND RELATIONS BETWEEN THE RIVERS DNIESTER AND THE DANUBE (4TH TO THE 3RD C. BC)
Dr. Evgenia Redina (Odessa, Ukraine),
Dr. Natalia Mateevici (Kishinev, Moldova)
The North-Western Black Sea region was a western border of the Scythia, the link between the three living here ethnic groups: the Greeks, the Thracians, and the Scythians. Contacts and conflicts of the Greek and Barbarian societies were the main driving force determining the course of historical events in the region.
1. Antique cities were the main trade agents in the region.
2. Scythian nomadic population, consumers of wine and products of ancient artisans, acted as intermediaries in trade.
3. Geto-Thracian agricultural population, the consumers of minimum number of products of antique centers, were some of the major grain producers.
4. The ethnically mixed population of rural settlements of the Lower Dniester (including Greeks, Getae, Scythians) were consumer of goods from the antique cities.
The crisis of the 3rd c. BC would lead to the breakdown of social balance, which was reflected in the dynamics of social well-being of ethnic entities. In the region's economic development during the second half of the 3rd c. BC there are several points of tension. It could be a threat of invasion from the west (Galatians/Celts), and a shifting of the new nomads from the east.
In order to solve individual problems, ethnic groups should look for a new model to reach the economic prosperity. Greek cities created conditions for the permanent residence in their cities as for Getae as for Scythians. As a result, a new stage of relative stability began, which ended at the early 2nd c. BC.
FEMALE SUPPORTS OF BRONZE MIRRORS FOUND IN THE NORTH PONTIC REGION (5TH – 4TH C. BC) AND THEIR POSSIBLE MEDITERRANEAN INSPIRATIONS
Prof. Dr. Helle Salskov Roberts (Copenhagen, Denmark)
The material to be discussed: the mirror supports showing 1) a full-figure draped woman (Elizavetinskaya); 2) a woman dressed as a Greek kore (Kherson); 3) a naked woman (Annovka). A number of stylistic comparisons from Greece and Southern Italy are discussed with a view to identifying the figures.
One parallel from Delphi shows a woman wearing the Greek peplos, which in the 5th c. BC was only used in a ritual context. The characteristic pose of the Elizavetinskaya example finds a possible common origin and inspiration in a figure from Taranto showing a dressed and winged figure.
The Kherson mirror fits well into the stylistic group of the Acropolis korai dated to 500-480 BC. The woman has animals on her shoulders and head pointing to an affinity with the goddess Artemis. A mirror with a dressed figure found on the island of Thasos may point to the route along which the contact took place.
The Annovka figure being naked seems to present a problem, as Artemis is usually dressed. However, another mirror in Munich shows a combination of a naked woman and siren-birds. A naked girl with raised arms from Sparta may indicate an area, where nudity was preferred.
A mirror from ca. 450 BC found at Metaponto is supported by the upper part of a dressed woman. The reverse of the mirror carries an engraving showing the Actaeon story, which is intimately connected with the Artemis legend. The female figure is a close parallel to the Chertomlyk silver bowl, which it – or similar pieces – may have inspired.
ARCHÄOLOGIE UND RÖMERZEITLICHE SPRACHGRENZEN IM UNTEREN DONAURAUM UND IM NORDEN DES SCHWARZEN MEERES
Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Sarnowski (Warschau, Polen),
Dr. Ludmila Kovalevskaya (Simferopol, Ukraine)
Zwei Aspekte der altertumswissenschaftlichen Forschungsinteressen für Südosteuropa werden erörtert:
1. Entstehungsprozess in Römerzeit eines relativ einheitlichen Kulturraumes an der Donau und am Schwarzem Meer, in dem wie nirgendwo sonst im Römerreich so viele wie vier Kulturkreise (griechischer Osten, lateinischer Westen, Barbaricum, Steppennomaden) miteinander interagierten; in diesem Raum werden wir mit Phänomenen konfrontiert, für die sich gute Parallelen im Westteil des Römerreiches erst wesentlich später finden lassen.
2. In diesem Raum haben die Slaven die erste Bekanntschaft mit der antiken Kultur provinzialer Verfärbung gemacht, also besser zur Assimilation geeignet als in rein mediterraner Form. In all diesen Kulturerscheinungen spielten die Sprachen/ Sprachgrenzen eine wichtige Rolle. Ein Zeugnis davon ist der Terminus Barbaricum. Zwei Inschriften belegen das Auftauchen des Begriffs im militärischem Sprachgebrauch der Donauprovinzen spätestens im frühen 3. Jh., viel früher als in den offiziellen Urkunden. Zu diskutieren sein werden weitere Beispiele der Begegnungssituationen zweier Hegemonialsprachen in der behandelten Kontaktzone zwischen verschiedenen Kulturen im Südosten Europas.
HUNS, AVARS AND HUNGARIANS – A COMPARATIVE APPROACH
BASED ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Dr. Michael Schmauder (Bonn, Germany)
The Carpathian Basin marks the western end of the Eurasian steppes, which stretches more than 7000 km from Mongolia to Hungary. Since prehistoric times it has also been closely connected to the history of this superregional area.
When analysing the historical and archaeological sources various concepts are discernible on the chronological level in the interaction between the steppe kingdoms and the Roman-Byzantine Empire, as well as with the kingdoms succeeding it in the west of the continent. On the basis of historical sources Walter Pohl in particular has demonstrated this, but a comparative view from the archaeological side is still lacking.
In this area we are dealing with three decisive stages from the formation of a governmental make-up to the construction of a long-term structure of state. It is archaeologically possible to fathom these stages, which took place in a cultural environment in which the focal-point of the Roman Empire and the Chinese realm was lacking, i.e. the city, almost solely using the social structures and their interpretation based upon the grave-finds. The lecture deals mainly with the graves of the upper-class, since they are especially suitable as an indicator of political and cultural changes and, at the same time, allow statements on macro-regional interactions in between the empires of the steppe warriors and the Roman-Byzantine Empire and Carolingian kingdom.
THE INFLUENCE OF A TOWN ON THE MILITARY CULTURE OF MEDIEVAL NOMADS IN SIEGE CRAFT
Emil Seydaliev (Bakhchisaray, Ukraine)
The military craft of medieval nomads includes not only the steppe fight. From the written sources we know examples of Cumans, besieging and assaulting big fortified towns. The Cumans always looked to finish any battle with minimum losses. The capture of a fortified town was not possible without proper siege machines, and a long-term siege was not convenient for the nomads. That’s why the medieval nomads had to develop other branches of their military craft. Cumans used siege ladders, rams, throwing artillery for the town sieges. Probably, the knowledge of the ‘Greek fire’ and its usage came to nomads from the Crimea. Thereby, as the nomads themselves influenced the military craft of settled peoples (change of some kinds of arms, strengthening of the cavalry role in the army etc.), and the town culture lead the nomads to the search for new weapons (firing arrows, throwing artillery, the ‘Greek fire’), new tactical methods (town siege, water drainage, assault).
RED SLIP POTTERY OF THE NORTH-WESTERN CRIMEA
Mikhail Shaptsev (Simferopol, Ukraine)
Red slip pottery is one of the most numerous materials found in the archaeological contexts of the North-Western Crimea dated to the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Such abundance makes it the important source for the reconstruction of the trading process of the region.
Having analyzed both published and unpublished finds of the red slip pottery I have the worked out its chronology and traced dynamics of imports of the terra sigillata in the North-Western Crimea. Among the red slip pottery of this area it was possible to point out the production of different centers, which help to identify the main directions of trade relations of the region.
THE LAMPS OF OLBIA (6TH TO 5TH C. BC)
Iryna Sheiko (Kyiv, Ukraine)
In the paper the early lamps of Olbia of archaic and classical periods are examined, which are kept in the collections of L.M. Slavin (Scientific Funds of the Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and in the Funds of the Historical and Cultural Reserve “Olbia”. Lamps as the integral part of material culture of ancient peoples are the excellent archaeological material for chronology. The lightning equipment found in the antique cities of the Black Sea region attracted the scholars’ attention for many years; however, the publication of Olbian lamps is suggested for the first time.
The paper discusses main types of early lamps, which were found on the territory of the ancient Greek city of Olbia. The lamps are represented mostly by imported types (black glazed lamps, and with white paint), and by local imitations of the imported ones, produced in Olbia (red and grey clay lamps).Of a great interest are also vertical handle-loops, presented in red and grey clay types of lamps, which are considered as the local Olbian production.
CHANCE FINDS OF SCYTHIAN SWORDS AND DAGGERS IN THE DNIEPER-DONETSK AREA AS AN INDICATOR OF EXTERNAL ACTIVITY OF THE NOMADS
Alexander Shelekhan (Kyiv, Ukraine)
The majority of daggers found as chance finds (23 of 26) is dated from the 7 to the 6 c. BC. Sixteen of them were found at the watershed of the Dnieper and the Siverskiy Donets. This chain appeals to the well-known Muravsky trail and a part of the Forest-Steppe settlements. The antique ceramic indicates appearance of these settlements and therefore the tract by the 5 c. BC.
Chance finds of daggers are concentrated at the southern part of the watershed, in the region of the Donetsk ridge. In Scythian times this territory served as a transit zone between the Scythian groups of the Northern Caucasus and the Forest-Steppe tribes. The chance finds could point out the potential places of the battles.
Five more daggers were found on the Southern frontier of the Dnieper’s terraced Forest-Steppe. This group corresponds to a great number of similar finds on the Dnieper’s right bank.
Significantly, there are no similar chance finds of the later times. Accordingly, this could be interpreted as a fact of aggressive actions of the Scythians during the early period of their history.
MYSTERY CULTS IN CHERSONESOS TAURICA AS A RESULT OF EXCHANGE OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE
Dr. Tatyana Shevchenko (Kyiv, Ukraine)
The exchange of knowledge in mystery cults was possible only through the direct participation in them. Certain archaeological finds, mainly from the burials, allow to assume that in Chersonesos there were individuals who took part in mysteries. Among them in Late Classic and Hellenistic periods there were individuals initiated in Eleusinian mysteries. At the same time, the Bacchic mysteries were apparently conducted in the city, especially vivid and widespread in the 3rd and the 2nd centuries BC. In the first centuries AD their importance does not diminish, unlike the mysteries in honour of Demeter, but they acquire some new features in practical realm. It is unlikely that mysteries of the Mother of the Gods existed here; she was worshipped in Chersonesos mainly within the family cult. Also there were a few adherents of Isis mysteries, evidence of which is confirmed only by indirect data. It is more than probable, that Mithraic mysteries were conducted by the soldiers of Roman garrisons situated in Chersonesos in the first centuries AD.
Due to the peculiarities of mysteries knowledge exchange, the rituals, hidden from public, were known among the initiated even in such distant periphery centres as Chersonesos Taurica.
CHINESISCHE LACKKÄSTEN VON DER KRIM (BERICHT ÜBER EIN UKRAINISCH-JAPANISCHES RESTAURIERUNGSPROJEKT)
Dr. Masako Shono-Sladek (Köln, Deutschland)
1996, 1999 wurden aus der spätskythischen Nekropole Ust‘-Al’ma an der nördlichen Küste des Schwarzen Meeres drei chinesische Lackkästen der Östlichen Han-Dynastie (25-220 AD.) zu Tage gefördert. Diese Funde bezeugen die Existenz der „Seidenstraße“ in jener frühen Zeit. Der erstaunlich gute Erhaltungszustand von zwei Kästen verschlechterte sich jedoch an der Luft und im Laufe der Jahre zusehends und drastisch.
Die historische Bedeutung der Lacke veranlasste vier Institutionen sowie 30 Spezialisten und Hilfskräfte in Japan, sich mit der Konservierung und Rekonstruktion der mittlerweile in kleinsten Teile zerfallenen Kästen und der hauchdünn gewordenen Lackhautfragmenten zu beschäftigten. Das Projekt, das ab 2007 vier Jahre Anspruch nahm, wurde von der japanischen Sumitomo-Stiftung gesponsert. Es wäre jedoch ohne die Papprekonstruktion und die sorgfältigen Dokumentation des ukrainischen Archäologen Jurij Zaicev von der Krim und ohne seinen persönlichen Einsatz, bis dahin diese fragilen Funde mit aller Mühe zu erhalten, gar nicht zu Stande gekommen.
Die mühsamen und zeitraubenden Restaurierungsarbeiten besaßen experimentellen Charakter und standen in keinem Verhältnis zu den Kosten. Zum Erfolg führte letztlich die gemeinsame Liebe und das Bewusstsein aller Beteiligten, es hier mit wesentlichen Zeugnissen der Geschichte der Menschheit zu tun zu haben. Die intensive Zusammenarbeit brachte die Spezialisten aus West und Ost einander näher.
NORTH AFRICAN AMPHORAE IMPORTED INTO EARLY BYZANTINE BOSPORUS
Dr. Anna Smokotina (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The excavations undertaken in the city of Kerch (Pantikapaion, Bosporus) in 2007-2009 revealed cultural layers with remains of building and household activities dated from the 3rd to the 6th centuries as well as a necropolis of the 7th –the early 8th centuries.
All the North African amphorae are found in the complexes dated from the late 4th to the 6th century but one fragment of an amphora handle has been found in the filling of the grave dated to the 7th century. The majority of North African amphorae (approximately ¾ of diagnostic profile fragments) was manufactured from the second half of the 5th century to the 6th century. While the most amphora fragments belong to Keay 8B type (ca. 25%), other fragmentary examples, such as Keay 55A, 57B, 62B/F, 62G, 62Q, are less numerous.
The delivery of the North African ceramics to Bosporus indicates the active trade links during the late Roman and early Byzantine time. The amphorae transported mainly olive oil, a product much in need in this part of the Pontic area. The variation in movement of the amphora types in the Bosporus area corresponds to the general fluctuations of North African production in the Eastern Mediterranean. The trade of the Black Sea region is distinguished only by the fewer amount of the deliveries.
SPÄTHELLENISTISCHE EINFLÜSSE IN DER SPÄTLATÈNEZEITLICHEN SILBER-KUNST DAKIENS
Dr. Daniel Spanu (Bukarest, Rumänien)
Die Rezeption einer großen Münzmenge in Dakien könnte ein mögliches Bündnis zwischen den Elementen der lokalen Oberschicht und der römischen münzprägenden Macht andeuteten, ähnlich wie eine Reihe von nordpontischen Importen als eine Spiegelung des Bündnisses der verschiedenen sarmatischen Stämmen mit dem pontischen Königsreich gedeutet wurden. Man kann voraussetzen, dass die große Auseinandersetzung zwischen Rom und dem Reich des Mithridates VI. Eupator (74-67 v. Chr.), sich auch auf die barbarische Welt aus dem Norden der Balkanhalbinsel und des Schwarzen Meeres ausgewirkt hat, als ein Wettkampf der Begünstigungen und der Subventionen, deren Ziel das Anziehen der einheimischen politischen und militärischen Eliten im Bereich der politischen und strategischen Interessen der zwei überregionalen Mächte war.
In einem kulturellen Milieu ohne monetäre Wirtschaft, wie es das aus dem vorrömischen Dakien war, in dem die Münzen wahrscheinlicher für ihren Edelmetall, und weniger für ihren Nominalwert geschätzt waren, ihre Konvertierung in Schmuckstücken scheint uns heute plausibler zu sein. In dem angedeuteten historischen Kontext, das Auftauchen von den kostbaren Schmuckstücken repräsentiert die konkrete Spiegelung der Neustrukturierung der symbolischen Darstellungsform der Autorität und der Prestige der einheimischen Oberschicht. Im Rahmen der lokal stark geprägten spätlatènezeitlichen Goldschmiedekunst Dakiens, die spät-hellenistischen Einflüsse sind von einer geringen Gruppe von Formen dargestellt: die Rundbodenbecher von Mastós Typ, die Fußbecher (Kantharoi) von Sâncrăieni, die Phaleren und die Fibeln mit Menschenkopf auf der Bügelplatte. Diese Materialien sind Prestigegüter, die die überregionalen technologischen, stilistischen und symbolischen Kontakte wiederspiegeln.
THE CHORA OF HELLENISTIC CHERSONESOS: DEMOGRAPHY, CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND ADAPTATION
Prof. Dr. Vladimir Stolba (Aarhus, Denmark)
Many years of systematic archaeological investigations in the western Crimea, in the territory of ancient Chersonesos, considerably advanced our knowledge about various aspects of the economic life of its rural population, including the system of land use and management, economic specialisation and crop composition, patterns of trade and exchange, etc. At the same time, many principal questions, such as the character of land ownership, the status, composition and social organisation of the local peasantry, labour force, etc. still remain to be answered. This paper offers a case study, focusing on the evidence retrieved from the necropolis of Panskoye I, one of the key sites of the area. About 150 narrowly dated burials with 78 anthropological identifications available from this necropolis provide an insight into the demography of this both anthropologically and culturally complex rural community. Cultural inhomogeneity of the chora population is also evidenced by the most recent works of the Western Crimean Archaeological Project (2010-2012) directed by the author, which has revealed as well a much busier landscape with a more complex settlement pattern and higher population density than has been assumed hitherto.
BURIAL RITES IN THE CITIES OF CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS.
BETWEEN THE GREEKS AND BARBARIANS (5TH – 3RD C. BC)
Dr. Nikolay Sudarev (Moscow, Russia)
Burial rites of the Greek Polies of the Cimmerian Bosporus are usually considered as something unified, and the differences from the «standard» burial rite are often regarded as an indication of the barbarian influence. At the same time, burial customs in Greece itself were quite different in various cities and for different kinds of the dead. The burial rite of different barbarian peoples neighbouring to the Greek cities of the North Pontic region varies either. Recently several barbarian necropolises on the boundary of the Bosporan kingdom were studied. Their funeral customs give clues to define, in which extent similar customs could be represented at the Bosporan territory.
As a result of the undertaken analysis it is possible to argue that in the ordinary cemeteries of the Bosporan cities most differences between burials due to various Greek traditions. The barbarian features in these necropolises are very small in number.
Burial customs have been “standardized” after the unification of the Greek colonies in a single state. Soon, in the 4th c. BC, the ostentatious barrows appeared throughout the Bosporan territory. They have many similarities with the burial customs of Panticapaeum. However, their resemblance to the elite burials of nomads should be attributed to their high social status. These barrows demonstrate the Bosporan influence of the barbarian nobility rather than vice versa. The ostentatious burials at this time have many common features worldwide, which should be explained more likely as the common “language” that “ethnic affinity”.
OLD SCANDINAVIAN MYTHS AND TEUTONIC SYMBOLS IN CREATION OF THE NAZI “NEWSPEAK”: INTERWEAVING OF ARCHEOLOGY, LINGUISTICS AND PROPAGANDA
Prof. Dr. Viktoria Sukovataya (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
The object of my analyses is a role of archeological knowledge and antique Norse mythology in the creation of Nazi propaganda. German philologist V. Klemperer has analyzed (1947) linguistic tools in which the Third Reich carried out anti-Semitic propaganda and its ideological penetration in the German collective unconsciousness. He catch sight of many different directions of the Nazi “newspeak”; the ties between the Nazi propaganda style and the style of autocracies; the dressing of the “ideal German masculinity” in “military uniform”; anti-Jewish defamations, others. The legitimization of the “new Nazi morality” has received through its derivation from old Teutonic and Nordic history, Old Scandinavian mythology and archeological artifacts.
Klemperer asserts that “mythologisation” of personal names is aimed to isolate German citizens with Jewish origin and biblical names as “aliens” in contrast to the “real Germans” with “Arian spirit” and old mythological names. The Goebbelsian “newspeak” preferred the Nordic mythological names as the opposition to the Christian and Biblical names, because it was symbolical assertion of the morality of the brutish Vikings and battle virgin warriors Valkyrs instead of the morality of the Christian mercy and spiritual courage. That is why the Nazi ideologists often used the Old Nordic names, as a symbol of the “spiritual” and “energetic” connection between the powerful Nordic gods and the Nazi “right to transgress” the traditional Christian ethics.
INVENTING THE PAST: ARCHAEOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING IN EARLY REPUBLICAN ERA OF TURKEY
Prof. Dr. Lâtife Summerer (Kastamonu/Munich)
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey was constitutionally proclaimed as a sovereign, democratic, secular and modern republic. Immediately after its foundation in early 1920s, Turkish politics of nation-building used scientific methods of linguistic, history and archaeology to prevent an identity crisis of population that comprised of an enormous variety of ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious groups. The elite did efforts to construct a glorious past in order to create the new Turkish national state and to generate a new national identity, facing a problem to unify multiethnic population of Anatolia. In 1928, the Society of Turkish History worked out the so called “Turkish History Thesis” and the “Sun Language Theory” tracing back the world civilization to Turkic roots in Central Asia. This theory aimed to prove that the Turks were part of white race, and did not belong to yellow race which did not have capacity for civilization. Kemal Atatürk encouraged research on the history of Pre-Ottoman-Turks in Anatolia in order to legitimize the political sovereignty of the new republic and to deduct it from the collapsed system of the Ottoman Empire. German scholars, who immigrated in Turkey during the Nazi regime, were pioneers of humanity sciences in newly founded Turkish universities. Their studies in both ancient languages and archaeology, encouraged by the nation-building policy, resulted in validation of Turkish History Thesis.
This perspective, however, clashed with western Europeans who were themselves in pursuit of ancient Greeks and Romans for construction of their own identity. In the political aftermath of the Second World War the Turkish History Thesis which had largely lost its ideological background after the death of Atatürk, was abandoned.
This paper will be discussing the development of archaeological research in the Early Republican Turkey and reviewing subsequent disputes about it. Furthermore, it will try to trace the enduring problem of nationalistic archaeological practice through the later stages of Republic as problematic issues of identity formation.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHIVES ABOUT HUMAN AND CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN EAST AND INNER ASIA OVER THE PAST 6000 YEARS
Dr. Pavel Tarasov, Prof. Dr. Mayke Wagner (Berlin, Germany)
Atmospheric precipitation reconstructions based on the pollen and isotopic data and juniper ring-width chronology from China and Mongolia provide accurate information for the archaeological and historical periods. In particular, during the first millennium BC/AD in the arid north-western China reconstructed values of annual precipitation show greater variability. Relatively dry years with below-average precipitation occurred more frequently during that time. The very long dry period lasted from ca. 50 until 375 AD. Subsequently, the capital of the Han Empire was moved from Chang’an (modern Xi’an) to Luoyang situated closer to the sea coast at 25 AD and the agricultural population in the west regions decreased by 70% between 2 and 140 AD. Nomadic power appears to grow when the reconstruction suggests relatively dry climate conditions. It seems plausible that this correspondence is not a simple coincidence.
THE 15TH CENTURY CERAMICS OF THE TAURICA.
TYPOLOGY, CHRONOLOGY, ORIGIN, AND DISTRIBUTION
Dr. Irina Teslenko (Simferopol, Ukraine)
The study concerns the detailed typology, chronology, origin and distribution of the 15th century ceramics from the Crimean archaeological sites. It characterizes the technological, morphological and decorative features of the different Crimean pottery center’s products and ceramic import dated to the 15th century.
The materials from the well-dated archaeological contexts were used for the creation of a typology and a chronological scale. Thus, the special features were observed which might be regarded as the ‘chronological indicators’. These ‘indicators’ allow one to date archeological complexes within the limits of a half, a quarter of a century, or even more narrow.
It is more complicated to define the origin of discussed ceramics. Visually there are two big groups of local production centres and eight groups of imports from the distant regions. However, to define and locate different production centres it is necessary to undertake the petrographical and chemical analysis of raw materials.
These approaches are also perspective for further studying of medieval ceramics from the Crimea. It can be possible only in cooperation with the experts from other research fields.
THE NEW AMPHORA STAMPS FROM CHERSONESOS AND
SOME QUESTIONS OF THE HELLENISTIC ONOMASTICS
Maxim Tiurin (Sevastopol, Ukraine)
The paper presents two unpublished unique Chersonesean Hellenistic amphora stamps, recently discovered during the excavations at the Kruze basilica area. The first stamp on the amphora handle was found in the heap of pottery together with materials dated from the 4th to the late 2nd c. BC. The inscription ΑΠΟΛ(Λ)ΟΝΟС/ ΕΥΚΛΗΩС may reflect usage of the name `Απόλλων as an anthroponym, which is rather rare for Greek onomastics. The attention is attracted by a range of spelling mistakes (lambda is absent, omicron is written instead of omega, the ending of patronymic is not standard too). The absence of the title of magistracy links our exemplar with both fabricant А5 and magistrate IIА subgroups stamps according to the classification by V. Kats.
Two identical handle stamps were found in the wall filled in at the very end of the 3rd c. BC. The inscription МАІ is supposed to be the beginning of fabricant’s name starting with this letters. These could be Μαιδάτης (already detected in graffiti inscription from Belyaus settlement), or, more possibly, Μαιανδρίος or Μαίσης (mentioned in the Bosporan inscriptions). The presented stamps widen the information both about the ceramic epigraphy and the Chersonesean onomastics.
ORNAMENT ALS ELEMENT DER AKKULTURATION
(KOMPLIZIERTE ROSETTEN AUS SICH ÜBERLAPPENDEN KREISEN MIT DER FÜLLUNG AUS SECHSBLÄTTRIGEN ROSETTEN IM VORDEREN ORIENT UND BEI DEN FRÜHEN NOMADEN DES SÜDLICHEN URALS)
Dr. Mikhail Treister (Berlin, Deutschland)
In einigen Gräbern der frühsarmatischen Zeit im südlichen Ural kamen Spiegel mit dem durch gepunzte Punkte dargestellten Dekor zu Tage. In der ersten Linie verdienen diejenigen Spiegel besondere Aufmerksamkeit, deren Scheibe in der Mitte mit Kreisen mit der Füllung aus sechsblättrigen Rosetten verziert ist.
Diese Dekorvarianten verzieren die Spiegel verschiedener Typen angesichts ihrer Formen und Konstruktion. Während man auf den Spiegeln aus dem späten 6. und 5. Jh. v. Chr. nur einen geometrischen Dekor vorfindet, wurden einige Spiegel aus den Grabkomplexen des 4. Jhs. v. Chr. zusätzlich mit Tierabbildungen geschmückt. Die primitive Art dieser Darstellungen lässt keine Zweifel daran, dass es kaum Erzeugnisse eines nahöstlichen Herstellungszentrums gewesen sein konnten, sondern eher Arbeiten der nomadischen Handwerker.
Die Analyse des Dekors beweist seine Entstehung im Nahen Osten (in Ägypten?) spätestens in der Mitte des 2. Jtds. v. Chr. und eine weite Verbreitung im Iran noch in den letzten Jahrhunderten des 2. Jtds. v. Chr. Im 9.–8. Jh. v. Chr. wurde dieses Ornament in Vorderasien und im Nahen Osten und etwas später auch in Griechenland verwendet. Die Markierung für so einen regelmäßigen Dekor konnte nur mit Hilfe eines Zirkels durchgeführt werden. Obwohl keine genauen Parallelen zu den Spiegeln aus den Nekropolen Pokrovka-2 und Kyryk-Oba-II bekannt sind, gibt es trotzdem Gründe, diese Objekte mit Vorbehalt als vorderasiatische (iranische?) Importe zu betrachten. Die Spiegel mit dem Rosettendekor trafen bei den Nomaden des südlichen Urals schon im späten 6./frühen 5. Jh. v. Chr. ein. Vermutlich wurde dieser Dekor danach von den einheimischen Handwerkern übernommen.
THE ACADEMIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION TO SOUTH RUSSIA (NOVOROSSIYA PROVINCE) LED BY THE ACADEMICIAN H.K.E. KÖHLER (1821): NEW ARCHIVAL DATA
Dr. Irina Tunkina (St.-Petersburg, Russia)
The traveler and scholar Heinrich Karl Ernst Köhler (1765–1838) was born in Wechselburg and studied at the universities of Wittenberg and Leipzig. From 1798 he served as the curator of antiquities in the Hermitage and later became the academician of St.-Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences (1817). In 1804 and 1821 Köhler made two archaeological expeditions across the Novorossiya. As a guide-book he used the works of P.S. Pallas (1801), who had researched the archaeological riches of the new Southern lands. After Köhler’s report (1805) it was forbidden for foreigners to collect antiquities on the state lands of the Crimea.
The second expedition (1821) surveying the lands from Odessa to the Taman’ Peninsula was sponsored by the Academy. The task was to make the “right plans” of the ruins and the “right copies” of Greek, Latin and Tartar inscriptions, to inform about any excavations being held, and to purchase antiquities for the Kunstkammer. Köhler’s report (1822) resulted in the first state financial support for preserving and restoring ancient monuments. Having made two trips to the South Köhler published a lot of new epigraphic and numismatic sources. His manuscript dairy includes the information about many ancient and medieval archaeological sites newly discovered in the second half of the 19th and 20th c.
THE DIACHRONIC VARIATION OF SIN IN THE ENGLISH WORLDVIEW
Olga Vakhovskaya (Mariupol, Ukraine)
This paper focuses on the diachronic variation of the religious/ethical concept SIN in the English secular discourse of the 14th – 21st centuries. We claim that the historic development of SIN conforms to that of the ethnical spirit.
Sin is a violation of a socially/culturally determined norm in the realm of human spirit. In the Christian worldview SIN is perceived as a violation of a moral law given by God. The Biblical notion is a semantic starting point in the historical variation of SIN.
The secular segment of the Christian worldview inherits such prototypical features of SIN as its relation to GOD and MAN, gender differentiation, profiling within the spiritual domain, universal character, negative evaluation of which the first two are historically invariant. The historic variation of SIN is caused by the secularization which leads to the perception of SIN beyond spiritual sphere and through the notions of class and race. The most significant changes take place in the evaluative aspect of SIN.
The diachronic variation of SIN proves to highlight the dynamics of the ethnic spirit under the investigation.
DAS WESEN UND FUNKTIONIEREN DES PHONEMS /R/: VON ÄLTEREN RUNEN BIS ZUR GEGENWART
Elena Vasilchenko (Odessa, Ukraine)
Ein spezifisches Problem im Rahmen der Standardaussprache bildet die Realisierung des Phonems /r/, weil die /r/-Allophone in ihrem Charakter, ihrer Varianz und Verteilung eine außerordentlich interessante phonetische Erscheinung darstellen. Der Schwarm der /r/-Allophone lässt sich als Gruppe von Lauten beschreiben, die in der Kette vom Vibranten zum Vokal bzw. zur Elision mehr und mehr reduzierte Realisationen eines konsonantischen Phonems darstellen. Seit Jahrhunderten existiert der Streit um die wahre und fehlhafte Realisation des /r/. Unter den konsonantischen Aussprachevarianten dominiert heutzutage das Reibe- , das als normgerecht anerkannt und im neuen Deutschen Aussprachewörterbuch (2009) kodifiziert wurde. Prof. Dr. Taranetz behauptet, dass R in den älteren Runen und r in der Indoeuropäischen Sprache verschiedene Phoneme waren und sich voneinander sowohl akustisch, als auch artikulatorisch unterschieden. Er hat phonetische Merkmale des R untersucht und festgestellt, dass ihre Wurzeln auf das pharyngalisierte indoeuropäische *(a)z zurückzuführen sind.
INFORMATIONAL CONTENT OF METAL JEWELLERY (ON EXAMPLE OF THE SARMATIAN ANTIQUITIES)
Eugenia Velichko (Kyiv, Ukraine)
Metal adornments are a very specific source. Metal decorations in many cases are studied simply by one single attribute, which is often taken out of the context. This paper contributes with the analysis of the degree of informativeness of metal jewellery on the example of Sarmatian Antiquities of the North Pontic Area. There is a study of all metal jewellery from Sarmatian complexes – from the simplest bronze products to the most elaborated jewellery. Only such a complex analysis in the context of the Antiquities of the North Pontic Area, but compared with this category of objects in a wide geographical background, from the Western Mediterranean to Central Asia, provides an opportunity to do more or less objective conclusions. Certain trends can be traced using different types of jewellery in different periods and in different regions of Sarmatia, also analyzes the trends of occurrence of different types of jewellery in a single complex, their distribution and how their use is dependent on age and gender.
THE THANATOLOGICAL MYTHOLOGEM ON THE SCYTHIAN ANTIQUITIES
Hanna Vertiyenko (Donetsk, Ukraine)
The system of mythological representations of the afterlife and the archetype mythologem create the ideological model for practical ritual actions. Thanathological myth acts as such a model. The Zoroastrian tradition, Scythian genealogical legend and Iranian epic give a chance to recreate the Iranian model of it: 1) The “Golden Age” of a reign of the mythical hero (Yima / ? / Dzhamshid), which ends with his death from the Dragon (Azhi-Dahaka / ? / Zahhaka); the vengeance for the mythical hero’s death by the dragon fighter (Thraetaona / Targitaos / Feridun), and the renewing of justice (the scene on the comb from Gaymanova Mohyla). 2) The reign of a dragon fighter (Thraetaona / Targitaos / Feridun) and division of the kingdom between his three sons. Murder of the youngest brother (? / Kolaxais / Iredzh) of jealousy by elder ones (? / Lipoxais and Arpoxais / Tur and Selm). The vengeance for the death by his successor (? / ? / Manuchehr), repeated and final restoration of justice (the scenes of a «sworn brotherhood» on the silver vessel from Gaymanova Mohyla, the golden plaques from Kul-Oba, Solokha and Berdyansk barrow, Sachnovka golden plate etc.).
THE HORIZONTAL STONE SLABS AS GRAVE-MARKS IN THE LATE SCYTHIAN NECROPOLISES OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN CRIMEA (3RD C. AD)
Alexey Voloshinov (Bakhchisaray, Ukraine)
The way to mark a grave with a flat stone slab is known in the South-Western Crimea from ancient times, even in the late Bronze Age (a kurgan near Repino, Bakhchisaray district).
This tradition was also in use in the flat necropolises of the Late Scythian culture. In this time also the anthropomorphic obelisks and reliefs were chosen to mark the graves. Other markers are represented by unworked elongated pieces of limestone. They marked the grave structures of various types. For instance, some niche-graves were marked by the stones which were placed separately above the entrance-pit over the head or/and feet of the deceased (necropolises near Tankovoe, Preduščelnoye, Suvlu-Kaya).
A similar tradition is also known in the Greek necropolises of Chersonesos and Tanais. It is presumed that these markers were used as the signs preventing the destruction of a previous burial while constructing a new grave. However, some scholars regard these markers as a kind of grave-stones, the so-called menhirs, which, in their opinion, embody an idea of a ‘temporary support’ for the universe.
THE FIRST ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCHES OF THE IMPERIAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL COMMISSION IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA: C.C. GOERZ’S EXCAVATIONS AT PHANAGORIA (1859)
Eugenia Zastorozhnova (S.-Petersburg, Russia)
In 1859 the Imperial Archaeological Commission (IAC) in St.-Petersburg was founded. Its first chairman was Count S.G. Stroganov. The special attention of this organization was turned to the territory of the South Russia. One of the most important centers of the Greek colonization in this region was Cimmerian Bosporus (there were two main cities – Pantikapaion on the Kerch peninsula, and Phanagoria on the Taman peninsula). After the foundation of IAC there was a question of necessity of archaeological studying of Phanagoria. With that purpose the historian C.C.Goerz was sent to the Taman peninsula. Most likely this choice was caused by his personal acquaintance to Count S.G.Stroganov.
Having stayed in Phanagoria from July till October, 1859, C.C.Goerz undertook the excavation at the territory of the ancient settlement and its barrows. It is necessary to mention that C.C. Goerz's excavation differed from the works of his predecessors by the presence of a certain plan and sequence.
The researches undertaken by C.C. Goerz on the Taman peninsula have formed the basis for his work “Archaeological topography of the Taman peninsula” which still matters for scholars.
A CASE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEDIEVAL TILES (ON THE MATERIALS FROM ESKI-KERMEN)
Dr. Irina Zavadskaya (Simferopol, Ukraine)
Tiles are one of the most numerous categories of the archaeological finds obtained during the excavations of medieval cities of the Crimea. However, this material relatively rarely becomes a subject of special research; the methods of its processing and study are far from the desired level.
The extensive collection of roofing materials was obtained in 2003-2008 during the excavation of a residential area of the 13th c.AD on the plateau Eski-Kermen in the south-western Crimea; the excavations were headed by A.I. Aibabin. The original classification has been elaborated by processing these materials. According to the technological and morphological features the tiles of group Ia belong to one workshop. A considerable part of the tile materials has relief marks. The most numerous series of the marked tiles, which were made in one matrix, include 78 and 59 units. The new material enables to date definite series and groups of tiles, to get the new data on the character and particularities of the roofing of the houses of Eski-Kermen, broadens the knowledge about the medieval tile production, and it can be also useful in the further development of the methodology of processing of roofing material.
NORDPONTISCHER RAUM UND WESTEN IN DER LA TÈNE ZEIT
Dr. Yuriy Zaytsev (Simferopol, Ukraine)
Das Erscheinen der Gegenstände der europäischen Typen im nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet vom 3. bis 1. Jh. v. Chr. verbindet man gewöhnlich mit der Militäraktivität von Sarmaten, die Teilnehmer der kleinasiatischen Feldzügen von Gatalus und mithridatischen Kriege waren. Die Untersuchung und Kartierung der Funde, die mit europäischen La Tène Kulturen verbunden sind, erlauben uns, das Folgendes zusammenzufassen.
Die frühere Fundgruppe des europäischen Waffen und Militärausrüstung (Helme, Kettenhemd, Situlae) datiert man ins 3. – erste Hälfte des 2. Jhs. von Chr., was mit der keltischen (galatischen) Aktivität im Schwarzmeergebiet in dieser Zeit übereinstimmt.
Die spätere Gruppe (Gürtelzubehör, Fibel, Schmuck, Waffen), die mit La Tène D zeitgleich ist, konzentriert sich auf der Krim. Das lasst uns die Frage über eine tiefere Latènisierung der spätskytische Kultur vom 2. bis zum 1. Jh. vor Chr. zu stellen, als es früher bezeichnet wurde.
Mit der Zeit der mithridatischen Kriege (Anfang des 1. Jhs. von Chr.) sind die Funde des spätlatènischen Bronzegeschirrs und die spätere Helme des Montefortino Typs zu vergleichen.
ROMAN TERRA SIGILLATA IN THE NORTHERN PONTIC AREA AS A REFLECTION OF CULTURAL EXCHANGE
Dr. Denis Zhuravlev (Moscow, Russia)
Terra sigillata can be considered as a marker of the Roman culture. This high quality tableware was widespread in the Roman world as well as in the regions under influence of the Roman culture, including the North Pontic Area.
The North Black Sea Area was totally integrated into the world economy of that time. Besides the local Pontic sigillata, there was represented pottery from the main production-centres of the Mediterranean: from the West (Italy, Central Europe) and the East (Eastern sigillata A (Syria), B (Tralles), C (Çandarli), Knidian ware, etc.), as well as from other Pontic territories (Moesian and Dacian sigillata). The whole Pontic area was a kind of united market representing similar groups of imported and local ware.
The dynamics of the market should be obviously influenced by the political situation in the region. A mass production of tableware and lighting equipment in the Bosporan kingdom started in the 70s – 60s of the 1st c. BC, when the Black Sea straits were toughly blocked by Pompeios’ fleet that impeded the trade connections between Bosporus and its usual suppliers of the tableware. After the victory of Romans over Mithridates the Mediterranean import was partly restored. The North Pontic area got into the circle of Roman politics and economics becoming a part of the vast international market of goods and services. One can suggest that several picks in the dynamics of pottery import from the Roman provinces were connected with Roman military presence in the region.
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Crimean Branch of the Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Bakhchisaray State Historic-Cultural Reserve
Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University
Crimean University of Humanities
Bakhchisaray State Historic-Cultural Reserve
Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University
Crimean University of Humanities